Old+B+Block-+09-10

B Block Digital Glossary
__active transport__- movement of particles through the cell membrane using energy __Adaptation__ – Adaptation is when a species changes its characteristics to be able to survive in an environment.
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__cell wall__- found only in plant cells, surrounds the cell membrane, and provides strength and support to the cell membrane __cell membrane__- found in all cells, keeps the cytoplasm, and allows nutrients in and waste out, interacts with things outside the cell __control__- the item that stays the same throughout the experiment __chloroplast__- is where photosynthesis happens, they have two membranes and help make the cell's food. __chlorophyll__- is located in the chloroplast and it gives the chloroplast it's green color. It captures the sunlight and turns it into food. __cytoskeleton__- a web of proteins in the cytoplasm in the cytoplasm that keeps cell membrane from collapsing, can help the cell move
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__dependent variable-__ the part of the experiment that changes because of the independent variable __DNA-__ the material that holds all the genetic information __dominate trait__- overpowers the recessive trait in the Punnett Square
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 * __data-__ numerical information gathered during an experiment **

__ER__- are membranes that help with the processing and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids __Endocytosis-__ the process in which the cell wraps around a particle that is too large to fit through the channels and carries it to wherever it needs to be __Exocytosis-__ the process in which large waste particles are carried towards the cell membrane in a vesicle where it fuses together with the membrane until the cell releases it __Eukaryote-__a cell with a nucleus. ex animal, plant. __Extinct-__ A species that has died out completely.
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 * __Fermentation-__ a way to break down food without using oxygen **
 * __Fossil__- the remains of once living organisms burried in layers of rock. **

__Golgi Complex-__ ** (fedex) it is a cell organelle that packages materials to be carried out of a cell. ** __Gene-__ One set of instructions for an inherited trait
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 * __Geologic time scale-__ The calender scientist use to date all living things. **

__Hypothesis__-an educated guess about the question someone is asking __Homonid__ - a species of human being.
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__independent variable__- the item that is being tested (this is the one that you change)
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__Lysosomes__- the organelle that digests food wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders
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__Mitochondria__- ** it is a cell organelle which sugar is broken down to make energy. The energy is stored inside the ATP which does a lot of work. It is surrounded by two membranes. ** __Multicellular organism-__ it always has two or more cells and makes new cells instead of making a cell grow larger. __mutation__- changes in the number, type, or order of bases on a piece of DNA
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 * __Natural Selection-__ Charles Darwin's theory that only the fittest and most adapted will survive **
 * __nucleotides__- are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of the RNA or DNA. **


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 * __Osmosis__- osmosis occurs when water moves across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration **
 * __Organ__- tissues collected together to performing a specific function of the body **
 * __Organ System__- organs grouped together working together to perform a specific function of the body. **

__passive transport__- diffusion of materials throw proteins that move from high to low concentrations(doesn't need energy) __photosynthesis__- the way that plants, algae, and some bacteria use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to make food __prokaryote__- a certain type of cell that does not have a nucleus (ex. bacteria ) __plate tectonics__- the theory that explains how pieces of the Earth move and change shape __primate__- a mammal that is usually a tree-dweller
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__respiration__- the way the cell uses oxygen to make energy from food __RNA__- also called ribonucleic acid, this is a single strand made up of different bases, and sugar and phosphate __Recessive Trait__ - while the recessive traits are traits that are hidden but derived from the parents.  then recessive traits can come out as dominant when you have a child, for example, and so on .
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__science__- the study of our natural world __selective breeding-__when humans choose the traits an animal or plant gets by breeding the animal/plant with desireable traits __species__- a group os organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offsprings __speciation-__ the process of creating a new species
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__tissue__- a group of cells that are alike and that are formed together and perform a common function
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__unicellular organism__- anything that has only one cell.
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__Vesicle__- A piece of food or some sort of nutrients entered by breaking a piece off the cell membrane.
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**Integumentary System-**
by Emma & Caroline Clare The four functions of the skin are: 1) keeps water in your body and foreign particles out of your body 2) Nerve endings feel things around you 3) regulates body temperature 4) helps get rid of wastes The two layer of skin are epidermis an dermis. The epidermis is the skin that you can see. The dermis is underneath the epidermis and provides strength. Hair and nails are dead skin cells. They can help protect your body and regulate body temperature. Two kinds of damages are skin cancer and acne.

**Skeletal** System-
by Sam & Whit The three main joints are: Hinge joint, Gliding joint, and the ball-and-socket joint. 4 tissues of the bone are marrow, compact bone, spongy bone, and cartilage. There is 206 bones in and average human skeletal system. Where two or more bones meet is called a joint, and joints are held together by ligaments. A sprain in a bone happens when a ligament is stretched too far or torn, and a dislocated joint is when two or more bones have been moved out of place.

Chapter 5 & 6 Notes-
1. Describe how a fossil is formed.
 * There are certain things that have to happen for a fossil to form. The fossil needs to be in the right place, mostly by lakes and oceans. The dead organism must become burried in layers of rock, and over time more rock forms over it.**

2. Explain how whales have evolved over time.
 * Whales have evolved because scientists think that whales once lived on land. They think this because whales have hip bones. They must have walked on land once, or why else would they have hip bones.**

3. Describe three examples that scientists use to defend the theory of a common ancestor.
 * Scientist defend there theory of a common ancestor by there traits, where the live and there bone structure.**

4. Explain how selective breeding and natural breeding are different. What are some benefits and drawbacks to both?
 * Selective breeding is when a mating partner is chosen for the animal rather than natural. Natural breeding is when a mating partner is chosen by the maters.**
 * Drawbacks to selective breeding are that the offspring may not have successful births ( in terms of defects). Natural breeding can have the same problems.**

5. Describe the four parts of Darwin's theory of natural selection.
 * 1. Overproduction- Animals have a lot of babies because some will survive to adulthood and some will not**
 * 2. Inherited Variation- Every individual has its own unique set of traits**
 * 3. Struggle to Survive- Animals are always at risk of predators, disease, and starvation**
 * 4. Successful Reproduction- Animals that are best adapted to their environment will have the best offspring**

6. Give and describe an example of Darwin's theory of natural selection.
 * An example of Darwin's theory of evolution is the sam species of birds but they do not have similar looking beaks. They do not have it because the adaptation they had to make over thousands of years to adapt to their environment.**

7. Explain the process of speciation.
 * The process of speciation starts when a population of a species of animals, which means a group of animals that can mate with each other, get separated. Then the separated group forms a new population. Finally the two populations become so different they are now two different species.**

8. Explain the difference between relative dating and absolute dating. **Relative dating tells you which fossil is older and which is younger. Absolute dating tells a specific year a fossil is from.**

List important facts about each of the following: 9. Precambrian time- There were only cells that lived underwater or underground, because the ozone layer wasn't established yet.

10. Paleozoic era- It occurring between 570 to 240 million years ago.

11. Mesozoic era- began about 251 mya and lasted 185.5 mya. Called "The Age of Reptiles". Dinosaurs are the most well known reptiles that evolved during this time, the first birds also appeared and marine lizards swam in the oceans. flowering plants and large forests started to form. At the end of the era, a large meteorite hit the earth and generated giant dust clouds and enough heat to cause worldwide fires; many animals became extinct

12. Cenozoic era- the cenozoic era is when the mammals became a very strong population. the mammal era. it lasted about 65 million years.

13. Australopithecines- **These were similar to apes but also different. Their brains were a bit larger and they used tools. They climbed on trees but walked upright. They have been found in Africa and there were fossilized footprints found about 3.6 mya supposedly left by Australopithecines.** Neanderthals- **They lived in Europe and west Asia and could have lived 230,000 years ago. They wore clothing, built fires, and hunted animals. They cared for the sick and elderly and buried their dead with cultural rituals. They disappeared about 30,000 years ago and no one knows what happened.** Homo habilis- **They lived about 2.4 mya and were an early part of the Homo group. They were more human like than the Australopithecines.**

Chapter 4 Notes-
1. What parts make up a nucleotide?
 * A nucleotide is made up of sugar, a phosphate and a base. The four bases are either adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.**

2. Explain Chargoff's Rule.
 * Chargoff's Rule is the fact that the amount of adenine always equals the amount of thymine in a cell. The same goes for the amount of guanine and the amount of cytosine.**

3. Describe the process of DNA Replication.
 * DNA replication happens when a cell is replicating itself. DNA splits down the middle and the two sides of it move away from each other. Then the separated strands make complimentary nucleotides, adding A to T and C to G. then there are two strands of DNA, one half of it is new and the other old.**

4. Describe how our cells make a protein. 5. What are the three kinds of mutations? Explain.
 * A copy is made of one side of the DNA segment where a particular gene is located. This copy is transferred to the cytoplasm. Then the mRNA is fed through the ribosome. Molecules of tRNA deliver amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome. The amino acids are dropped off at the ribosome. The amino acids are then joined to make a protein.**
 * 1) **The first kind of mutation is a substitution and what happens is that a base exchanges with another, such as a AT GC switch to AC TG.**
 * 2) **The second kind of mutation is an insertion. It is when an extra base is inserted into a new place in the DNA.**
 * 3) **Deletion is a mutation that in DNA a section is lost or deleted.**

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Chapter 3 Notes-
1. Explain the difference between self-pollinating plants and cross-pollinating plants.
 * The difference between self-pollinating plants and cross-pollinating plants is that cross-pollinating plants can only pollinate when another organism or object has to move the pollen from one flower to the next. These things could be the wind or bumble-bees and others of that same kind of relation. Self-pollinating plants have both parts needed for the flower to pollinate on its own, so it does not need any help from insects or winds.**

2. Explain the difference between a genotype and phenotype.
 * The phenotype is the physical appearance of an organism based on the results of a Punnett Square, and the genotype is the letters in the genetic code that are based on the results of a Punnett Square.**

3. What kind of information can a Punnett Square give you?
 * What a certain trait an offspring can have.**

4. Explain the process of Meiosis.
 * The process is where a cell divides and can make two daughter cells, each with half of the chromosomes of the parent's cell**

Chapter 2 Notes- The Cell in Action
1. Explain the difference between Diffusion and Osmosis.
 * The main difference between diffusion and osmosis is that osmosis occurs only in water and diffusion occurs any in gases and across the membrane of cells and in water.**

2. Explain the difference between passive transport and active transport.
 * The difference between passive and active transport is that active goes from low to high and it uses energy and passive goes from high to low and doesn't use energy.**

3. Write the word formula for Photosynthesis:
 * Water + Carbon Dioxide + Sunlight = Glucose + Oxygen**

4. Write the word formula for Respiration:
 * Oxygen, Glucose = Water, Carbon Dioxide, ATP Energy**

5. Explain how Respiration and Fermentation are alike. Explain how they are different.
 * Respiration and fermentation are alike because they both occur at one time in the mitochondria. They are different because respiration uses oxygen and fermentation uses carbon dioxide.**

Chapter 1 Notes- Cells: The Basic Units of Life
1. The Cell Theory-
 * **All organisms are made of one or more cell.**
 * **The cell is the basic unit of life for all living things.**
 * **All cells come from existing cells.**

2. Why are cells so small? ** The surface area to volume ratio. If the cell gets too big, it will not be able to take in nutrients and let out waste fast enough. **

3. What parts do all cells have in common? (hint: your book mentioned 4 things)
 * All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes****.**

4. What are the two kinds of cells? Explain how they are different.
 * Two different kinds of cells are Plant, and Animal. The difference in the two are Plant cells are square and Animal cells are round like a circle. Another difference is a Plant cell has a cell wall and an Animal cell does not.**

5. What are some benefits of being Multicellular?
 * The benefits of being Multicellular is that we can have longer life span, we are larger in size, and each cell has it's owns specialization in our body.**

6. List the organization of living things starting with the smallest part and ending with the largest. **Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, and Organism (Multicellular and Unicellular)**

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Measurement Notes:

 * Term || Definition || Instrument || Units ||
 * Length || Distance || ruler or meter stick || cm,m,kl ||
 * Temperature || the degree or intensity of heat || thermometer || °C ||
 * Mass || amount of matter in a given space || balance || grams ||
 * Volume of a Solid || how much space a solid takes up || L x W x H || cm3, m3 ||
 * Volume of a Liquid || How much liquid there is || graduated cylinder || mL and L ||
 * Volume of Irregular Solid || How much space it takes up || Graduated cylinder || ml ||

Scientific Method Notes
1. state problem- based on your observations. write a question mark at the end. 2. observation- when you use any of your sense to gather informa 3. state hypothesis- an educated guess about the question you are asking 4. test hypothesis- perform the experiment 5. collect data- put all of the information that was found in the experiment together 6. Make Conclusion- write the results of your experiments, include whether your hypothesis was right or wrong. 7. Communicate Results: Share the information that you found by completing your experiment

Science Safety Tips
Wear clothes protection with chemicals Waft not whiff Always ask a teacher before bringing animals into class Don't eat any plant in the lab. Never use chemicals that you don't know what they are! Wear goggles any time you are in the science lab. Always make sure that something is turned off before you unplug it or plug it in When inserting an object into a graduated cylinder, tilt the cylinder so it can slide down.

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