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=D Block Digital Glossary = A  Active Transport- Movement of substances across the cell membrane that requires the cell to use energy (ATP), it goes from low to high.

 Anther- part of the stamen that contains pollen

Allele- one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic

B

C Collect and study Data-When you collect and study data you collect your information, and you review or study it.

Community-a group of organisms that live in the same area, and share the same interests.

Chloroplasts-The organelle in a cell that uses the energy of sunlight to make food

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Cell- the functional basic unit of life. It was discovered by Robert Hooke

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Cell Wall-A protective barrier that surrounds the cell membrane of plant and prokaryotic cells.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Cytoskeleton- giving the cell a shape and keeping it together and not letting the cell fall apart.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Cell Membrane-The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">D <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Data-a quantity of facts; information

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Diffusion- the spreading of something more widely

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Dominant trait- A trait that will appear in the offspring before a recessive trait if one of the parents contributes it.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">E <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Extremophiles are bacteria cell. Also known as archae it is salt-loving, methane making, and heat-loving

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Ecosystem-a community of interacting organisms and their environment.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Endocytosis-a process where the cell membrane surrounds a particle coming into the cell and encloses the particle as a vesicle and brings the vesicle into the cell

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Exocytosis-a process which involves a cell vacuole releasing its content and then fusing its membrane with the cell membrane

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> F <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Fermentation-to Break down food without using oxygen, it uses carbon dioxide instead and lactic acid is a waste product

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">G <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Golgi complex-an organel that is in most eukaryotic cells. It packages proteins and sends them to where they need to go.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Genotype- This is the genetic make-up of a cell.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Gene- determines inherited characteristics/ a small section of nucleotides

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">H <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Hypothesis-After thoroughly researching about your question, you need some sort of educated guess about how things work or what you think is going to happen. The educated guess you are making is called the Hypothesis.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Heredity- the passing on of characteristics genetically from parent to off spring (generation to generation)

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">I <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Independent Variable-A variable who does not depend on that of another <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Insertion - A type of mutation which etra base added.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">J

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">K

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">L <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Lysosomes-A cellular organelle that contains various enzymes to help break down unwanted waste in the cell's cytoplasm.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">M <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Multicellular-an living thing that is made up or more than one cell (means "many cells")

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Mitochondria-an organelle that breaks down food and makes energy

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Mutation - A mutation occurs when there is a change in the number, order, or type of nitrogen bases in a sequence of DNA

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Mutagen- A chemical or physical thing that causes damage to DNA

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">N <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Nucleus-A membrane that contains the cell's DNA and that takes place when your muscles are beginning to grow

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Nucleotide- a group of molecules that are the building blocks of DNA which are composed of a phosphate, deoxyribos sugar, and one of the four bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">O <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Organ System-a group of organs that work together to perform body functions

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Organelle-a structure that performs a specific job in a cell

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Organ-A group of tissues working together specialized to do a particular task

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Osmosis-the diffusion of water through the cell membrane. Osmosis only uses water.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Organism-a life form in any individual animal, plant, or singe-cell

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Ovary- The female reproductive organ in a woman that produces the female sex cells.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">P <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Passive Transport-this is when the cell moves substances through the cell membrane, and unlike active transport, it doesn't involve energy.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Phenotype- The physical make up of a cell

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Prokaryote - a cell that does not have a nucleus examples of prokaryotes: bacteria and archea

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Photosynthesis-the process in which some plants use water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to make food

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Population-A particular section, group, or type of people or animals living in a certain area or country

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Pistil- The female sex cell of a plant; it consists of a stigma a style and an ovary

Pollen- a fine powdery substance consisting of microscopic grains discharged from the male part of the a flower or from a male cone

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Q

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">R <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">respiration: a process in which the cell uses oxygen to brake down food particles and create ATP energy <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Ribosomes: many ribosomes hooked onto the rough ER, amino acids join together and make proteins.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">recessive trait- a trait that is "hidden'' behind the dominant trait. It is only seen when both alleles are recessive.

RNA- ribonucleic acid, a molecule that is found in all living cells and is important to the process of protein production.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">S <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Science-the study of your environment and the natural world around you (study of all living and all non-living things in your environment)

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Scientific Method-the step by step solution to finding an educated answer; question, observation, hypotheses, experiment, collect & study data, conclusion, and communicate results

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stigma- the part of a pistil that receives the pollen during pollination

Substitution Mutation- A substitution mutation is where an amino acid fills in for another side of the DNA, and messing up the sequence of the DNA strand.
<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">T <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Tissue is a group of smilar cells that perform a certain job.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">U <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Unicellular-consisting of one cell

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">V A vacuole is usually found in plant cells. It holds water and sometimes wastes. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">vesicle- a small membrane-enclosed sac that can store or transport substances.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">W

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">X

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Y

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Z

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=<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Chapter 4 Notes: = <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 1. Explain Chargaff’s Rule. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Thymine always equals to adenine, and guanine equals to cytosine.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 2. What was Rosalind Franklin’s discovery? She used x-ray diffraction to discover that the structure of DNA is a double helix.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 3. What did Watson and Crick create a model of? James Watson and Francis Crick built a 3D model of DNA structure, which looks like a twisted ladder, and explained how DNA is copied and how it functions in the cell.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 4. Explain DNA Replication. Durring DNA replication the DNA unzips down the middle. Then the bases on each side of the molecule are used in the pattern for the new strand. When the nucleotides are exposed the matching molecules are added to each side of the ladder. When the new DNA is formed, half of the strand is new and half of the strand is old.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 5. How are DNA and RNA different? (at least 4 ways) DNA and RNA are different in the following ways: DNA has two strands; RNA has one strand. DNA has deoxiribo sugar; RNA has ribose sugar. DNA has thymine; RNA has urasil.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 6. Explain how a protein is made.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 7. What are some things in our environment that can cause a mutation? ==== Some things in our environment that can cause a mutation would be cigarette smoke, radiation from power plants (like in Japan), and Absorbo. They can cause a mutation just from smoke, radiation, and Absorbo. ====

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 8. What three possible outcomes could there be for a mutation? <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> The three possible outcomes from a mutation is a harmful trait, no change at all, or an improved trait.

=<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Chapter 3 Notes: = <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 1. Explain the Difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;">Self pollination is when the stamen of the same flower can fertilize its own pistil. Cross pollination is when the pollen from the stamen of one flower fertilizes the pistil of a different flower.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 2. Explain the relationship between a pollinator and a flower

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 3. Explain and give examples of genotypes that are homozygous and heterozygous.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 4. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Incomplete Dominance is when two traits are not completely dominant over each other. These traits have their own degree of influence on. An example of incomplete dominance is a red flower and a white flower that create a pink flower. Co-dominance is when two different traits exist together on the same organism. An example of co-dominance is a flower with two colors on it that don't blend together.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 5. Explain how Mitosis and Meiosis are different. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Meiosis makes gives each cell half the usual amount of chromosomes, but mitosis gives the the correct number of chromosomes. Meiosis creates four new cells, which are identical to the oringinal, while mitosis only creates two new cells, which are called daughter cells and are identical to the original. Meiosis goes through its cycle twice and mitosis only goes through each phase once.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 6. Explain sex-linked disorders and give an example. The female has two X chromosome and this has a less chance of the women carry a disorder. the male only has one X chromosome and this gives the male a more chance of him carring a disorder. An exmple of an sex-linked disorder is Hemophilla.

=<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Chapter 2 Notes: = <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1. Explain the difference between diffusion and osmosis.- The difference between osmosis and diffusion is that osmosis is the diffusion of water when diffusion does not involve transporting water particles.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">2. Explain why cells need to have the ability to perform active/passive transport and endocytosis/exocytosis.- Cells need to be able to perform these tasks because cells either need to even out certain particles or receive more or larger particles. They need endocytosis/exocytosis because cells need to be able to survive by receiving its necessities, and they also need to get rid of waste products so they can perform their duties.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">3. Explain the relationship between the photosynthesis and respiration equations.-They both have the same formula, just in the opposite order.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">4. What is the difference between respiration and fermentation? - the difference is that during respiration you need oxygen and fermentation you don't. Respiration releases more energy from the given food than fermentation does.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">5. Write out the word formula for respiration:Glucose+ Oxygen--> Carbon Dioxide+ water+ ATP

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">6. Write out the word formula for photosynthesis:6CO2+6H2O+sunlight = glucose (sugar) + oxygen

=<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Chapter 1 Notes: = <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1. What characteristics to do all cells have in common? <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> All cells are the smallest unit of all living organisms. It is the structural and and functional unit of a cell. Cells are divided into two groups which are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Prokaryotes <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> -they have a plasma membrane <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> -membrane contains lipids <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> -cellular movement occurs through apendages

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Eukaryotes <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> -nucleus contains the genetic information <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> -ribosomes are required for protein synthesis <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> -for cellular respiration, a cell has a part called mitochondria

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">2. Explain why multicellular organisms have an advantage over unicellular organisms. (state three benefits) <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-Unicellular organisms are at a disadvantage because they are weak against predators, have a short life span, and they don't have specialization. Multicellular organisms are better off because they are larger, so they have less predators than the unicellular organisms. They are also better off because they can make up for the loss of a cell, but when a unicellular organism losses a cell the whole cell dies. The last reason that explains why multicellular organisms are better off is because they have specialization. Multicellular organisms have specialization, so every cell has a specific job that they can do more effectively than the unicellular organisms without specialization.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">3. Explain why cells are so small. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">-Cells are usually very small in size because their volume grows faster than their surface area and if they can't get enough nutrients and pump out enough waste products they can't survive.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">4. Explain the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">5. What organelles to plant cells have that animal cells do not have?

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">6. Put the levels of organization of living things in order from smallest to largest: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

=<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Scientific Method Notes = <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Step 1:

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Step 2: Observation: this is when you make observations about your question

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Step 3: State hypothesis: make an educated guess of what you think will be better overall.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Step 4: Test hypothesis. This is the step when you do your experiment and test the problem or question.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Step 5:

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Step 6:Make a conclusion. You tell if your hypothesis is right or not and tell what you did wrong. Tell whether your details supported your hypothesis.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Step 7: Communicate results: you tell people about your experiment. =<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Science Safety Tips =
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Always have your hair tied back in the lab.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Always wear goggles during a lab experiment
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Use knives and other sharp instruments with extreme care. Never cut objects when holding them in your hands.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Never consume any liquid, and always wear goggles. Also, wear an apron and gloves when dealing with chemicals.

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<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Last Revised: {revision date}