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=G Block Digital Glossary = A Active Transport- The movement of substances across the cell membrane that requires the cell to use energy.

B

C Cell Membrane- Takes in the things needed and takes out the waste products (selectively permeable).

Cell Wall- Protects everything in the cell.

Cell- The smallest unit that can preform all life processes.

 Chloroplast- A plastid containing chlorophyll.

 Community- Many different organisms living in the same habitat.

D <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Data- The numerical information or statistics of information or a topic.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Diffusion- The movement of gasses through the cell membrane.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Deletion mutation- This is when a base is deleted in a strand of DNA.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Dominant Trait- The dominant trait is the trait that can actually be seen. It overpowers the Recessive Trait.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">E <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ER- A system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids and other materials are made.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Exocytosis- When cell puts waste products in a cell vacuole and are sent outside of the cell through fusion of the vacuole membrane.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Endocytosis- The active- transport by which a cell surrounds a large particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Extremophile- Often a unicellular organism that is accustomed to living in severe elements such as boiling hot or salty water.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Ecosystem- When living organisms are in the same environment as nonliving things.

F <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Fermentation- The breakdown of food without the use of oxygen. Fermentation requires carbon dioxide.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">G <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Golgi Complex- Cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Genotype- The combination of genes for one or more specific traits.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">H <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Hypothesis- An educated guess made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Homologous Chromosomes- These specific chromosomes contain identical sets of genes.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">I <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Independent Variable- The object that is changed by the scientist.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Insertion Mutation- When a base is inserted in a strand of DNA.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">J

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">K

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">L

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">M

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Mitochondria- The organelle in a cell in which sugar is broken down to produce energy. This organelle requires oxygen. Mutation- A change in number, type, or order of bases on a piece of DNA Mutagen- Any physical or chemical agent that could cause a mutation <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Multicellular- An organism having or consisting of many cells.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Meiosis- A process in which cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half of the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">N <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Nucleus- The central most important organelle of a cell.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Nucleotide-The structure unit of nucleic acid.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">O <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Organelle- A specialized subunit within a cell.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Organism- Any living thing.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Organ- A collection of tissue that carry out a specialized function of the body.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Osmosis- The movement of water through the cell membrane.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Organ system - A group of organs working together to perform a particular function.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">P <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Population- All the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Passive Transport- When a concentration of high water goes to an area of low concentration trying to level it out, doesn't require energy.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Photosynthesis- The process of plants capturing energy from the sun and changing it into food.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Prokaryote- These are organisms made up of a single cell and do not contain neither a nucleus nor organelles bound within the membrane.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Phenotype- An organism's appearance.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Q

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">R <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Ribosomes- An organelle in the cytoplasm that is small and either enters and exits the Golgi Complex or ER. RNA- a molecule that is present in all living cells and plays a role in DNA reproduction <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Recessive Trait- A trait that only appears when 2 recessive alleles for the same trait are inherited.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Respiration- The process of inhaling or exhaling of air, breathing. Cellular respiration is a way of getting energy from food. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down the food.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">S <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Scientific Method- A procedure used by scientists to test hypotheses by making predictions about the outcome of an experiment before the experiment is performed.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Science- The knowledge of the world and its nature.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Substitution Mutation- A substitution mutation is when a base is substituted for another base.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Sex Chromosomes- One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">T <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Tissue - A group of cells that do a certain job.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">U <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Unicellular- Consisting of one cell.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">V <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Vesicle- A small sack that is full of water inside of the cytoplasm. It has a protective covering that keeps the water safe inside the cell.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">W

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">X

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Y

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Z

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Go To Top

=<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Chapter 4 Notes: = <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1. Explain Chargaff’s Rule.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 2. What was Rosalind Franklin’s discovery?

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 3. What did Watson and Crick create a model of? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> They made a model of DNA; it looked like a long, twisted ladder.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 4. Explain DNA Replication. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> The middle of the DNA splits down the middle of the enzymes. There are matched enzymes to the strand that has split and and that piece is made into another strand of DNA.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 5. How are DNA and RNA different? (at least 4 ways) DNA has two backbones and RNA has one. They also have different sugars. DNA has deoxyribose sugar and RNA has ribose sugar. DNA has thymine and RNA has uracil bases. RNA leaves the nucleus and DNA doesn't.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 6. Explain how a protein is made. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> In order for a protein to be created, several steps must be done. The first step is for one side of a segment of DNA to be copied. This copy is made out of RNA, and is called the mRNA because its next step is to leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm. The mRNA goes through a ribosomes where it transfers the message using tRNA. The bases within the ribosome match up according to the RNA message, and then the amino acids are released where they connect and become a chain of acids. This chain then folds up, and becomes a protein molecule.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 7. What are some things in our environment that can cause a mutation? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Some things in our environment that can cause a mutation are radiation, cigarette smoke, secondhand smoke, sunlight, and x-rays.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 8. What three possible outcomes could there be for a mutation?

=<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Chapter 3 Notes: = <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1. Explain the Difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination. - The difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination is that self-pollination is when the wind or a bee brushes off some of the pollen into the flower, causing the process of self pollination. Cross-pollination is when a bee, butterfly, or another type of insect or bird uses the pollen from another flower to pollinate one.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 2. Explain the relationship between a pollinator and a flower. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> The pollinator such as a bee goes up to the flower for the nectar and rubs the stamens. Then when the bee flies over the pistol, it grabs the pollen and pollinates the flower. The pollinator is there to make sure the flowers reproduce and pollinate other flowers.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 3. Explain and give examples of genotypes that are homozygous and heterozygous. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Homozygous is when you either have to Dominant traits or two recessive traits. For Example, YY or yy. Heterozygous is when you have one dominant and one recessive trait. For Example, Yy.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 4. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Incomplete dominance is blending two alleles. So if you had a red pedal and a white one you would have pink. Basically Co-dominance is just like a pure-bread. It's when the two alleles are shown sper

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 5. Explain how Mitosis and Meiosis are different. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Mitosis is the replication of two new cells that has the full amount of replication from the original cell being copied, so there are only two new cells. In meiosis, there are four brand new cells that have come from one cell. The cells only have a half of what the original cell had, because the the DNA was divided into four new cells.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 6. Explain sex-linked disorders and give an example. - Sex-linked disorders are disorders carried on the X or Y chromosomes. An example of a sex-linked trait is colorblindness.

=<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Chapter 2 Notes: = <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1. Explain the difference between diffusion and osmosis.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Osmosis is the movement of water through the cell membrane and diffusion is the movement of gasses through the cell membrane.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 2. Explain why cells need to have the ability to perform active/passive transport and endocytosis/exocytosis. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Cells need to have the ability to perform these so that they can have small, medium, and large products go through the cell membrane without a problem.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 3. Explain the relationship between the photosynthesis and respiration equations. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The difference between photosynthesis and respiration equations is that they are flipped. Photosynthesis is carbon dioxide and water (and sunlight) yields Glucose and Oxygen but respiration is oxygen and glucose yields carbon dioxide and water.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 4. What is the difference between respiration and fermentation? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Organism- an organism is any living thing.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 5. Write out the word formula for respiration: <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">glucose+oxygen -> carbon dioxide+water+energy (ATP)

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 6. Write out the word formula for photosynthesis: <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">carbon dioxide + water ↣ (light energy) glucose and oxygen

=<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Chapter 1 Notes: =

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1. What characteristics to do all cells have in common? 1. What characteristics to do all cells have in common? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">They all have cell membranes and DNA.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 2. Explain why multicellular organisms have an advantage over unicellular organisms. (state three benefits) <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">A multicellular organisms live longer. Also if they lose a cell they wont die. Last, a multicellular organism is more specialized.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 3. Explain why cells are so small. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Cells are so small because they have so many different parts to it that they need to be small. They wouldn't be able to take in food and get rid of waste if the were big.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">4. Explain the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 5. What organelles to plant cells have that animal cells do not have? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> The organelles that plant cells that animal cells don't have are the chloroplasts, the large vesicle, and the cell wall.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 6. Put the levels of organization of living things in order from smallest to largest. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">cell, tissues, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

=<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Scientific Method Notes = <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Step 1: Ask a question - point out a question that you have about something.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Step 2: Gather information- Think of everything you know about the topic. Also, research about the topic to learn everything you can about it.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Step 3: State your Hypothesis- Take the information that you have gathered up and make an educated guess about the problem.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Step 4: Test your Hypothesis- This is where you carry out your experiment and do your tests.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Step 5: Collect and study Data. This is where you use graphs and charts to explain the "numbers" of the experiment.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Step 6:

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Step 7: Communicate Results- share information that you found by completing your experiment. = = =<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Science Safety Tips =
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">You should always wear safety goggles when you are using anything that could hurt you eyes.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Move all books and paper off of the table before starting
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Pull up your hair before starting
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Remember to wear gloves and an apron to protect skin and clothing.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Don't wear contacts
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">If you are concerned about anything bring it to your teachers attention
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Always follow the teachers instructions that she has given you and your class.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">NEVER bring food or drink in the lab!

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Go To Top

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Last Revised: {$revisiondate}