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 * =**E Block Team Pages**= ||
 * Fern Group ||
 * Jungle Group ||
 * Forrest Group ||
 * Caribbean Group ||
 * Asparagus Group ||
 * Shamrock Group ||

= = =E Block Digital Glossary= Active Transport- is when a substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration; This requires energy(ATP) anther- part of the stamen that holds the pollen
 * A**

Alleles- one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
 * B**

Cell membrane- a layer of phospholipid that covers the cell and keeps the organelles in and the waste out cytoskeleton-a web of proteins in the cytoplasm
 * C**

Chloroplasts- the organelle that uses the energy of sunlight to make food

Cell wall- Protects the outside of the cell from its environment. Also it keeps the cytoplasm and other organs inside the cell.

Data-facts and statistics gathered together for analysis or reference
 * D**

Diffusion- diffusion is when particles move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration to evenly distribute the concentration of particles

Deletion Mutation- when a base is left out.

Dominant Trait- a character determined by an allele that is expressed over an other given traits.

Eukaryotes is an organism made up of cells and have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. An animal is an example of a eukaryote.
 * E**

Exocytosis- The process when a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrane Ecosystem- a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

endocytosis- The process of a cell when it surrounds a particle in a cell membrane and creates a vesicle to bring it into the cell

Fermentation- when food is broken down inside the cell. This does not need oxygen. When some people work out really hard the start fermentation and lactic acid.
 * F**

Genetic engineering**, also called** genetic modification**, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genetic material in a way that does not occur under natural conditions.** Golgi Complex- the organelle that processes and transport proteins and other materials out of cell Genotype-the entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits Genes- a small segment of DNA that have the instructions to make proteins
 * G**

Homologous chromosomes- chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure. Hereditary - conferred by or based on inheritance Independant Variable- the variable that changes
 * H**
 * I**

Insertion Mutation- When an extra base is added on to a strand of DNA


 * J**


 * K**

Lysosome- A lysosome is a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes.
 * L**

Make observations- The second step to the scientific method. This is where you use logic to form a hypothesis. Mitochondria- T he organelle in which sugar is broken down to energy; the site of cellular respiration Multicellular- a living thing or part, composed of several cells Mutagen- a physical or chemical agent that causes damage to DNA Meiosis-cell division that results in two daughter cells each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes.
 * M**

Mutation- a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule. There are 3 types of mutations, substitution, insertion, and deletion.


 * N**


 * Nucleotide-** the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA, it consists of sugar, phosphate, and a base

Nucleus- a membrane- bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and has a role in the growth metabolism and reproduction

Organism-a living thing; anything that can live independently
 * O**

Osmosis- osmosis is the process of water diffusing through the cell's membrane

Organelle-a structure in a cell that performs a specific job

Organ System- a system of organs working together to preform a specific thing

Ovules- plant structure that develops into a seed when fertilized

Passive Transport- is when a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration; This does not require energy(ATP)
 * P**

Pistil- the female organs of a flower, comprising the stigma, style, and ovary. Population-groups of organisms of the same species in the same place

Prokaryote-a single celled organism that does not have a nucleus

Photosynthesis- is the process of converting light energy, carbon dioxide, and water, to produce oxygen and glucose. 6CO 2 + (+ light energy) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Phenotype- an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic

Pollen- a fine powdery substance, typically yellow, consisting of microscopic grains discharged from the male part of a flower or from a male cone.
 * Q**


 * R**

Ribosomes- the organelle in which amino acids are hooked together to make proteins

Respiration- is when the body takes in oxygen and glucose and a series of reactions occur and the product is carbon dioxide and water.

RNA- ribonucleic acid, a molecule that is present in all living cells and that plays a roll in protein production. Recessive Trait- A characteristic determined by an allele that requires the presence of two identical alleles to show over the dominant.

Science- the study of non-living and living things. Scientific Method- the step by step solution to finding an educated results. Substitution Mutation- When the wrong base is used or it is substituted for another base (most common) Stigma-the part of a pistil that receives the pollen during pollination Sex Chromosomes- A sex Chromosomes are sex-determination system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism.
 * S**

Tissue- a group of cells working together
 * T**


 * U**
 * Unicellular- a living thing made of a single cell.**

Vesicle- A vesicle is a small cavity that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell. It forms when part of the cell membrane surrounds the material that the cell wants inside and the vesicle then transports it around the cell wherever it needs to go.
 * V**

Vacuole- A vacuole is a membrane bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cell and some plant, animal, and bacterial cells


 * W**


 * X**


 * Y**


 * Z**

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=Chapter 4 Notes:= 1. Explain Chargaff’s Rule. Chargaff's Rule is that the amount of Adenine is always equal to the amout of Thymine and the amount of Guanine is always the same as the amount of Cytosine.

2. What was Rosalind Franklin’s discovery? She was able to make images of DNA molecules by using x-ray diffraction.

3. What did Watson and Crick create a model of? They created a large model of DNA using Chargaff's and Franklin's research and information.

4. Explain DNA Replication.

5. How are DNA and RNA different? (at least 4 ways)

6. Explain how a protein is made. Proteins are made by joining amino acids into long chains called polypeptides. Each polypeptide contains a combination of any or all of the 20 different amino acids.

7. What are some things in our environment that can cause a mutation? Getting an x-ray, smoking, breathing in smoke, Ultraviolet radiation, and radioctivity.

8. What three possible outcomes could there be for a mutation? A mutation could be harmful, helpful, or have no effect.

=Chapter 3 Notes:= 1. Explain the Difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination

2. Explain the relationship between a pollinator and a flower- A pollinator is most definitely important to a flower because the plants attracts a particular type of pollinator to its flower,and makes sure that its pollen will be carried to another flower of the same species.

3. Explain and give examples of genotypes that are homozygous and heterozygous. TT is an example of a genotype that is homozygous and Tt is an example of a genotype that is heterozygous.

4. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance. Co- dominance is when the for example colors like red and yellow, the colors are both dominate traits so they will blend and make orange. Incomplete dominance is when a flower may had more red than yellow, there may be some yellow on the edges but the red is more powerful, so it will take up most of the flower.

5. Explain how Mitosis and Meiosis are different. Mitosis is the replicate of a cell, and Meiosis is the replication of DNA.

6. Explain sex-linked disorders and give an example. This is when the Y chromosome does not carry as much as the X chromosomes in the females sex cells. An example of this is color blindness that mostly occurs in males.

=Chapter 2 Notes:= 1. Explain the difference between diffusion and osmosis. The differences between diffusion and osmosis are that diffusion is the movement gas and osmosis is the movement of water

__Osmosis is the diffusion of water through the cell membrane and diffusion is the movement of gas through the cell membrane.__

2. Explain why cells need to have the ability to perform active/passive transport and endocytosis/exocytosis.

3. Explain the relationship between the photosynthesis and respiration equations.

__The equation for respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.__

4. What is the difference between respiration and fermentation? In fermentation oxygen is not needed like in respiration. In fermentation lactic acid is produced unlike in respiration.

5. Write out the word formula for respiration: Glucoes + oxygen=Carbon Dioxide+ water+ATP

6. Write out the word formula for photosynthesis:

=Chapter 1 Notes:= 1. What characteristics to do all cells have in common?

2. Explain why multicellular organisms have an advantage over unicellular organisms. (state three benefits)

3. Explain why cells are so small.- Cells are so small because their is a limit of the cell size and then decreases to little small pieces and another things is once the the cell gets very large, it splits up and turns into little pieces.

4. Explain the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.--- The difference between an eukaryotic and a prokaryotic organism is that a eukaryotic organism is made up of many cells and has a nucleus, but the Prokaryotic is single celled and has no nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

5. What organelles to plant cells have that animal cells do not have?

6. Put the levels of organization of living things in order from smallest to largest.

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, and Ecosystem

=Scientific Method Notes= Step 1: State Problem (Question Form)

Step 2: Make Observations

Step 3: Make a Hypothesis

Step 4: Test Your Hypothesis-complete experiments and test the problem/question.

Step 5: Collect and Study Data

Step 6: Make Conclusions

Step 7:Present Your Data = = =Science Safety Tips=
 * If anything gets in your eyes notify your teacher.
 * Handle an animal as your teacher directs.
 * Always wear heat- resistant gloves and goggles.
 * Tie back all hair so it will not get in the way
 * Always wear appropriate clothing.
 * Never eat or drink in the lab.
 * Always get permission before starting a lab experiment.
 * Keep area clear of all unnecessary items.
 * Use knives and other sharp objects with extreme care.

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